Co-reporter:Heidi A. Schwartz, Selina Olthof, Dominik Schaniel, Klaus Meerholz, and Uwe Ruschewitz
Inorganic Chemistry November 6, 2017 Volume 56(Issue 21) pp:13100-13100
Publication Date(Web):October 11, 2017
DOI:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01908
1,3,3-Trimethylindolino-6′-nitrobenzopyrylospiran (SP-1) as an example of a photoswitchable spiropyran was loaded into the pores of different prototypical metal–organic frameworks, namely MOF-5, MIL-68(In), and MIL-68(Ga), by a vapor-phase process. The successful incorporation in the pores of the MOF was proven by X-ray powder diffraction, and the amount of the embedded photoswitchable guest was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In contrast to the sterically hindered crystalline state, SP-1 embedded in solid MOF hosts shows photoswitching under irradiation with UV light from the spiropyran to its merocyanine form with a nearly complete photoisomerization. Switching can be reversed by heat treatment. These switching properties were confirmed by means of UV/vis and IR spectroscopy. Remarkably, the embedded guest molecules show photoswitching and absorption properties similar to those in the dissolved state, so that MOFs might be considered as “solid solvents” for photoswitchable spiropyrans. In contrast to that, embedment of SP-1 in the smaller pores of MIL-53(Al) was not successful. SP-1 is mainly adsorbed on the surfaces of the MIL-53(Al) particles, which also leads to photoswitching properties.
Co-reporter:Dr. Uwe Ruschewitz
Angewandte Chemie 2016 Volume 128( Issue 10) pp:3320-3322
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ange.201600424
Co-reporter:Dr. Uwe Ruschewitz
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2016 Volume 55( Issue 10) pp:3264-3266
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201600424
Co-reporter:Miriam Sobieray, Jens Gode, Christiane Seidel, Marieke Poß, Claus Feldmann and Uwe Ruschewitz
Dalton Transactions 2015 vol. 44(Issue 13) pp:6249-6259
Publication Date(Web):23 Feb 2015
DOI:10.1039/C4DT03733B
Ten new coordination polymers of the general compositions 2∞[LnIII(tfBDC)(NO3)(DMF)2]·DMF with LnIII = Eu3+ (1), Gd3+ (2), Tb3+ (3), Ho3+ (4), Tm3+ (5), 2∞[LnIII(tfBDC)(CH3COO)(FA)3]·3FA with LnIII = Sm3+ (6), Eu3+ (7) and 2∞[LnIII(tfBDC)(NO3)(DMSO)2] with LnIII = Ho3+ (8), Er3+ (9) and Tm3+ (10) were synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction (tfBDC2− = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalate, DMF = N,N′-dimethylformamide, FA = formamide, DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide). 1–5 crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 8, 6 and 7 in P with Z = 2 and 8–10 in Pbca with Z = 8. All crystal structures contain binuclear lanthanide nodes that are connected by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalates (tfBDC2−) to form two-dimensional polymeric structural units. Despite this common structural feature the coordination within these binuclear units is quite different in detail, e.g. CN = 9 for 1–7 and CN = 8 for 8–10. The emission spectra of the europium (1, 7) and terbium (3) compounds reveal bright red and green emission in the visible region. The resulting high quantum yields of 53% (1) and 67% (3) at room temperature show that the replacement of organic ligands with C–H groups by perfluorinated ligands leads to compounds with intense emission, as vibrational quenching is reduced. On the other hand, the influence of the coordinating solvent and additional ligands cannot be neglected, as the replacement of DMF by FA and NO3− by CH3COO− in 7 leads to a reduced quantum yield of only 10%. Thermoanalytical investigations show that all compounds are stable up to 100–150 °C, before a stepwise release of solvent molecules starts followed by a decomposition of the coordination polymer.
Co-reporter:D. Hermann, H. Emerich, R. Lepski, D. Schaniel, and U. Ruschewitz
Inorganic Chemistry 2013 Volume 52(Issue 5) pp:2744-2749
Publication Date(Web):February 14, 2013
DOI:10.1021/ic302856b
Several metal–organic framework compounds (MOF-5, MIL-68(Ga), MIL-68(In), MIL-53(Al)) were loaded with azobenzene (AZB), as confirmed by XRPD measurements and elemental analysis. By IR spectroscopy, it was shown that the light-induced trans/cis isomerization of AZB in these hybrid host–guest compounds is improved compared to that of solid AZB. A population of the excited cis state up to 30% has been obtained for AZB0.66@MIL-68(In). However, no light-induced trans/cis isomerization was observed for AZB0.5@MIL-53(Al). Structural models obtained from high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction data show that AZB molecules are densely packed within the channels of MIL-53(Al) so that no trans/cis isomerization can occur. A different situation was observed for AZB in the larger channels of MIL-68(Ga). Thus, this investigation shows the influence of the host material on the switching behavior of the embedded AZB molecules.
Co-reporter:Pascal Link, Pieter Glatzel, Kristina Kvashnina, Dmytro M. Trots, Ronald I. Smith, and Uwe Ruschewitz
Inorganic Chemistry 2013 Volume 52(Issue 12) pp:7020-7030
Publication Date(Web):May 30, 2013
DOI:10.1021/ic400531j
The solid solution YbxCa1-xC2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was synthesized by reaction of the elements at 1323 K. The crystal structures within this solid solution, as elucidated from synchrotron powder diffraction data, depend on x and exhibit some interesting features that point to a structure dependent valence state of Yb. Compounds with x ≥ 0.75 crystallize in the tetragonal CaC2 type structure (I4/mmm, Z = 2) and obey Vegard’s law; for x ≤ 0.75 the monoclinic ThC2 type structure (C2/c, Z = 4) is found, which coexists with the monoclinic CaC2-III type structure (C2/m, Z = 4) for x ≤ 0.25. The monoclinic modifications show a strong deviation from Vegard’s law. Their unit cell volumes are remarkably larger than expected for a typical Vegard system. HERFD-XANES spectroscopic investigations reveal that different Yb valence states are responsible for the observed volume anomalies. While all tetragonal compounds contain mixed-valent Yb with ∼75% Yb3+ (similar to pure YbC2), all monoclinic modifications contain exclusively Yb2+. Therefore, YbxCa1-xC2 is a very rare example of a Yb containing compound showing a strong structure dependence of the Yb valence state. Moreover, temperature dependent synchrotron powder diffraction, neutron TOF powder diffraction, and HERFD-XANES spectroscopy experiments reveal significant Yb valence changes in some compounds of the YbxCa1-xC2 series that are induced by temperature dependent phase transitions. Transitions from the tetragonal CaC2 type structure to the monoclinic ThC2 or the cubic CaC2-IV type structure (Fm3̅m, Z = 4) are accompanied by drastic changes of the mean Yb valence from ∼2.70 to 2.0 in compounds with x = 0.75 and x = 0.91. Finally, the determination of lattice strain arising inside the modifications with ordered dumbbells (ThC2 and CaC2 type structures) by DSC measurements corroborated our results concerning the close relationship between crystal structure and Yb valence in the solid solution YbxCa1-xC2.
Co-reporter:Christiane Seidel ; Chantal Lorbeer ; Joanna Cybińska ; Anja-Verena Mudring
Inorganic Chemistry 2012 Volume 51(Issue 8) pp:4679-4688
Publication Date(Web):March 23, 2012
DOI:10.1021/ic202655d
By slow diffusion of triethylamine into a solution of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalic acid (H2tfBDC) and the respective lanthanide salt in EtOH/DMF single crystals of seven nonporous coordination polymers, ∞2[Ln(tfBDC)(NO3)(DMF)2]·DMF (Ln3+ = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Dy, Er, Yb; C2/c, Z = 8) have been obtained. In the crystal structures, two-dimensional square grids are found, which are composed of binuclear lanthanide nodes connected by tfBDC2– as a linking ligand. The coordination sphere of each lanthanide cation is completed by a nitrate anion and two DMF molecules (CN = 9). This crystal structure is unprecedented in the crystal chemistry of coordination polymers based on nonfluorinated terephthalate (BDC2–) as a bridging ligand; as for tfBDC2–, a nonplanar conformation of the ligand is energetically more favorable, whereas for BDC2–, a planar conformation is preferred. Differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) investigations reveal that the noncoordinating DMF molecule is released first at temperatures of 100–200 °C. Subsequent endothermal weight losses correspond to the release of the coordinating DMF molecules. Between 350 and 400 °C, a strong exothermal weight loss is found, which is probably due to a decomposition of the tfBDC2– ligand. The residues could not be identified. The emission spectra of the ∞2[Ln(tfBDC)(NO3)(DMF)2]·DMF compounds reveal intense emission in the visible region of light for Pr, Sm, and Dy with colors from orange, orange-red, to warm white.
Co-reporter:Alexandra Lamann-Glees and Uwe Ruschewitz
Crystal Growth & Design 2012 Volume 12(Issue 2) pp:854-861
Publication Date(Web):January 3, 2012
DOI:10.1021/cg201244y
Four homoleptic coordination polymers of general composition [Ag(4ABN)4/2]X (4ABN ≡ 4-aminobenzonitrile) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal structure analysis. For X = NO3– (P21/n, Z = 4; 1), PF6– (P21/n, Z = 4; 2), and ClO4– (P21/n, Z = 4; 3), similar topologies with undulated layers (63 nets) are found, which are separated by the anions. For X = SO3CF3– (P1̅, Z = 2; 4), a one-dimensional structural fragment with polymeric double-bridged cationic chains again separated by the anions is formed. It is rationalized that different dimensionalities of the polymeric structural fragments depend upon the size of the separating counteranions. This simple rule can also be applied for already known ∞2[Ag(4ABN)4/2]BF4.
Co-reporter:Thomas J. Liebig and Uwe Ruschewitz
Crystal Growth & Design 2012 Volume 12(Issue 11) pp:5402-5410
Publication Date(Web):September 24, 2012
DOI:10.1021/cg3010085
From aqueous solutions containing Λ-[Co(en)3]I3 (1, 2), Δ-[Co(en)3]I3 (5), or racemic [Co(en)3]I3 (3, 4) AgI and PbI2 respectively were precipitated by addition of Ag2EDC, [Ag(en)][Ag(BDC)], PbADC or (NH4)[Ag5(BTC)2(NH3)(H2O)2] and filtered off (en = ethylenediamine, H2EDC = fumaric acid, H2BDC = terephthalic acid, H2ADC = acetylenedicarboxylic acid, H3BTC = trimesic acid). After slow evaporation of the remaining solutions single crystals of ∞1{Λ-[Co(en)3]EDC3/2}·5.625H2O (P21, Z = 4, 1), ∞1{Λ-[Co(en)3]BDC3/2}·10H2O (P1, Z = 2, 2), ∞2{[Co(en)3]ADC3/2}·4H2O (P1̅, Z = 2, 3), ∞2{[Co(en)3]BTC}·5.55H2O (P21/c, Z = 8, 4), and ∞2{Δ-[Co(en)3]EDC(NO3)}·2H2O (C2, Z = 4, 5) were obtained. In all compounds the [Co(en)3]3+ cores are connected in a T-shaped mode via N–H···O hydrogen bonds to the carboxylates to form complex networks. Water molecules are bound via O–H···O hydrogen bonds to the networks, further increasing their complexity. It is noteworthy that the chirality of the starting material (Λ- or Δ-[Co(en)3]I3) is maintained during the reaction thus leading to non-centrosymmetric polymers, whereas with racemic [Co(en)3]I3 centrosymmetric polymers are obtained.
Co-reporter:Markus Hamberger;Stefan Liebig;Ute Friedrich;Dr. Nikolaus Korber;Dr. Uwe Ruschewitz
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012 Volume 51( Issue 52) pp:13006-13010
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/anie.201206349
Co-reporter:Pascal Link ; Pieter Glatzel ; Kristina Kvashnina ; Ronald I. Smith
Inorganic Chemistry 2011 Volume 50(Issue 12) pp:5587-5595
Publication Date(Web):May 25, 2011
DOI:10.1021/ic200247z
The valence state of Yb in YbC2 was analyzed using high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction to clarify a controversy in the literature. The unit cell volume of YbC2 suggests a mixed Yb valence, which was formerly determined to be 2.8 by magnetization measurements and paramagnetic neutron scattering techniques. However, the nature of the intermediate valence was not clearly established. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous mixed valences were assumed in different publications. The temperature-dependent behavior of the valence state was only predicted, albeit not explicitly studied. In this work, the valence state of Yb in YbC2 is, therefore, investigated thoroughly by HERFD-XANES spectroscopy at low and high temperatures. Our measurements result in an average Yb valence of 2.81 that is temperature-independent from 15 to 1123 K. These findings are confirmed by neutron powder diffraction experiments, which reveal a constant C–C distance of 128.7(9) pm in a temperature range from 5 to 100 K. A significant temperature dependence of the Yb valence state in YbC2 can, therefore, be excluded by our experimental results.
Co-reporter:Christiane Seidel, Ruth Ahlers, and Uwe Ruschewitz
Crystal Growth & Design 2011 Volume 11(Issue 11) pp:5053-5063
Publication Date(Web):October 5, 2011
DOI:10.1021/cg200974h
Seven nonporous coordination polymers with tetrafluoroterephthalate (tfBDC2–) as a bridging ligand were synthesized and structurally characterized. Homoleptic ∞3[Tl2(tfBDC)] (P1̅, Z = 1, 1) contains six-coordinated Tl centers, which are connected by the tfBDC2– ligand to form a three-dimensional (3D) network. Upon heating it decomposes at approximately 200 °C. Nine-coordinated PbO9 polyhedra are found in ∞2[Pb(tfBDC)(H2O)3]·1/2 H2O (P1̅, Z = 1, 2), which forms a layer-like structure. These layers are held together by hydrogen bonds involving water molecules. These water molecules are released by heating to 70–100 °C. ∞1[MII(tfBDC)(H2O)4] (P1̅, Z = 1; MII = Zn (3), Co (4), Ni (5)) contains almost undistorted MIIO6 octahedra with the carboxylate groups of the tfBDC ligands in trans coordination so that a chain-like structural unit is formed. These chains are further connected by hydrogen bonds. Upon heating, these water molecules are released in two steps at 100 and 200 °C. ∞3[Mn2(tfBDC)2(DMF)2(EtOH)] (P21, Z = 2, 7) is isostructural to the known Zn compound (6). Both compounds contain dimeric [MIIO6]2 units, which are connected by tfBDC2– ligands to form a 3D network. All compounds are unprecedented in the crystal chemistry of coordination polymers with nonfluorinated terephthalate (BDC2–) as bridging ligand. This is mainly because the planar conformation found for BDC2– is energetically less favorable for perfluorinated tfBDC2–.
Co-reporter:Daniela Hermann, Christian Näther, Uwe Ruschewitz
Solid State Sciences 2011 Volume 13(Issue 5) pp:1096-1101
Publication Date(Web):May 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.01.012
Single crystals of [MII(ADC)2/2(DMF)2(H2O)2]∞1 (MII = Mn (1), Co (2), Zn (4)) precipitated from DMF solutions containing Mn(NO3)2 · 6H2O, CoCl2 · 6H2O or Zn(NO3)2 · 6H2O and acetylenedicarboxylic acid (H2ADC). Single crystals of [Ni(ADC)2/2(DMF)2(H2O)2]∞1 (3) formed at the phase boundary of an aqueous silica gel containing H2ADC and a DMF solution of NiCl2 · 6H2O. The crystal structures were solved and refined from X-ray single-crystal data. All compounds crystallize in space group C2/c with Z = 4. [MII(ADC)2/2(DMF)2(H2O)2]∞1 chains are the characteristic structural feature. Within these chains MIIO6 octahedra are formed, the oxygen atoms belong to two DMF, two water and two ADC2− ligands. The ADC2− ligands are trans coordinating in an unidentate way, thus connecting the octahedral units to chains. The DMF and water molecules are in a cis coordination to each other. Hydrogen bonds (O⋯O: 2.83–2.845 Å) connect two polymeric chains. These double chains are held together by van der Waals interactions to form a 3D structure. Coupled DTA–TG–MS measurements on 3 and 4 show that 3 decomposes at 146 °C and 4 at 114 °C releasing H2O, C2H2, CO, CO2, and DMF. But the proceeding decomposition reactions in both compounds are quite different, as the residue after heating at 500 °C in an argon atmosphere is elemental Ni and graphite for 3 and ZnO for 4 as proven by XRPD experiments. This is in agreement with a general trend found for the decomposition of metal acetylenedicarboxylates: with noble metals the elements are formed, whereas with less noble metals the respective oxides are found.
Co-reporter:Derk Wandner ; Pascal Link ; Oliver Heyer ; John Mydosh ; Mahmoud A. Ahmida ; Mohsen M. Abd-Elmeguid ; Manfred Speldrich ; Heiko Lueken
Inorganic Chemistry 2010 Volume 49(Issue 1) pp:312-318
Publication Date(Web):December 9, 2009
DOI:10.1021/ic901979v
Pure EuC2, free of EuO impurities, was obtained by the reaction of elemental europium with graphite at 1673 K. By means of synchrotron powder diffraction experiments, the structural behavior was investigated in the temperature range from 10 to 1073 K. In contrast to former results, EuC2 crystallizes in the ThC2 type structure (C2/c, Z = 4) at room temperature. A tetragonal modification (I4/mmm, Z = 2) is only observed in a very small temperature range just below the transition to a cubic high-temperature modification (Fm3̅m, Z = 4) at 648 K. DTA/TG investigations confirm these results. According to Raman spectroscopy, EuC2 contains C22− ions (ν̃(C≡C) = 1837 cm−1). The divalent character of Eu is confirmed by the results of magnetic susceptibility measurements and 151Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy. In these measurements a transition to a ferromagnetic state with TC = 15 K is observed, which is in reasonable agreement with literature data. Above TC EuC2 is a semiconductor according to measurements of the electric resistivity vs temperature, again in contrast to former results. Around TC a sharp maximum of the electric resistivity vs temperature curve was observed, which collapses on applying external magnetic fields. The observed CMR effect (colossal magnetoresistance) is much stronger than that reported for other EuC2 samples in the literature. These investigations explicitly show the influence of sample purity on the physical and even structural properties of EuC2.
Co-reporter:Andreas Orthaber ; Christiane Seidel ; Ferdinand Belaj ; Jörg H. Albering ; Rudolf Pietschnig
Inorganic Chemistry 2010 Volume 49(Issue 20) pp:9350-9357
Publication Date(Web):September 16, 2010
DOI:10.1021/ic1009829
Pure 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalic acid (H2tfBDC) is obtained in high yields (95%) by reacting 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene with a surplus (>2 equiv) of n-butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and subsequent carbonation with CO2 without any extensive purification procedure. A single crystal X-ray structure analysis of H2tfBDC (1) confirms former data obtained for a deuterated sample (P1̅, Z = 1). Recrystallization from water/acetone leads to single crystals of H2tfBDC·2H2O (2, P21/c, Z = 2), where an extensive hydrogen bonding network is found. By reacting H2tfBDC with an aqueous ammonia solution, single crystals of (NH4)2tfBDC (3, C2/m, Z = 2) are obtained. 3 is thermally stable up to 250 °C and shows an enhanced solubility in water compared to H2tfBDC. Monosubstituted 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid (H2tfBC, 4) is obtained by reacting 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene with stoichiometric amounts (1 equiv) of n-butyllithium in THF. Its crystal structure (Fdd2, Z = 16) shows dimeric units as characteristic structural feature.
Co-reporter:Ruth Ahlers, Uwe Ruschewitz
Solid State Sciences 2009 Volume 11(Issue 6) pp:1058-1064
Publication Date(Web):June 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2009.03.008
Single crystals of anhydrous thallium acetylenedicarboxylate (Tl2(C4O4), 1) and thallium acetylenedicarboxylate oxalate (Tl4(C4O4)(C2O4), 2) precipitated from aqueous solutions containing thallium(I)-acetate and the respective organic acids. Both compounds crystallize in non-centrosymmetric space groups (1: P212121; 2: C2) and contain stereochemically active lone pairs at Tl(I). The crystal structures of 1 and 2 show some similarities. Tl atoms are organized in corrugated layers, which are connected by the respective carboxylate anions. Upon heating 1 decomposes at 195 °C to form elemental pyrophorous thallium powder. 2 starts decomposing at approx. 150 °C forming elemental thallium next to another compound, which could not be identified up to now. TlHADC was also synthesized, but its crystal structure could not be solved either from powder or single crystal diffraction data. Upon heating it decomposes to form 1.
Co-reporter:Irena Stein, Christian Näther, Uwe Ruschewitz
Solid State Sciences 2006 Volume 8(3–4) pp:353-358
Publication Date(Web):March–April 2006
DOI:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2006.02.004
Single crystals of anhydrous ammonium acetylenedicarboxylate ((NH4)2(C4O4), 1) were isolated from a precipitate crystallizing from an aqueous ammonia solution containing acetylenedicarboxylic acid. The crystal structure of 1 (C2/mC2/m, Z=2Z=2) consists of ordered ammonium cations, which are connected via NH⋯O hydrogen bonds (NO: 2.826 and 2.947 Å) to four oxygen atoms from four symmetry related acetylenedicarboxylates. The coordination by the bifunctional carboxylates leads to a three-dimensional framework structure. Coupled TGA/DTA/MS measurements show that 1 decomposes completely at about 450 K releasing NH3, CO2, and C2H2. No order–disorder transition occurs in the temperature range between 20 K and the decomposition temperature. In contrast to Sr(C4O4), the other known anhydrous acetylenedicarboxylate, no negative thermal expansion is found below room temperature.
Co-reporter:Bodo Zibrowius, Carsten Bähtz, Michael Knapp and Uwe Ruschewitz
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2004 vol. 6(Issue 22) pp:5237-5243
Publication Date(Web):23 Sep 2004
DOI:10.1039/B408114E
The motion of the C2 dumbbells in K2C2 in the low-temperature (LT-K2C2, I41/acd, Z
= 8) and high-temperature (HT-K2C2, Fmm, Z
= 4) modifications was examined by a combination of synchrotron powder diffraction and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. For LT-K2C2, the experimental data are consistent with a motion restricted to a double cone with the cone angle becoming wider with increasing temperature. In HT-K2C2, the C2 dumbbells are less restricted and undergo a fast reorientation that averages out the large chemical shift anisotropy (292 ppm) found in LT-K2C2. Hence, the disorder observed in XRPD experiments is caused by this dynamic process with a characteristic time constant much shorter than 4 μs. However, a distinction between an isotropic free rotation (Pauling model) and a random exchange process between distinct directions consistent with cubic symmetry (Frenkel model) is not possible on the basis of the experimental data obtained.
Co-reporter:Ulrich Cremer, Winfried Kockelmann, Marko Bertmer, Uwe Ruschewitz
Solid State Sciences 2002 Volume 4(Issue 2) pp:247-253
Publication Date(Web):February 2002
DOI:10.1016/S1293-2558(01)01234-1
By reaction of CuI and A2C2 (A=K, Rb, Cs) suspended in liquid ammonia and subsequent heating of the remaining residue in vacuum ternary alkali metal copper acetylides ACuC2 were accessible. NaCuC2 could be obtained by decomposing NaCu5C6, which was synthesized from NaC2H and CuI in liquid ammonia. The crystal structures were determined by both X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. In all compounds chains are the characteristic structural motif. In NaCuC2 and β-RbCuC2 these chains are orientated parallel to the c axis of a tetragonal unit cell (KAgC2 type, P4/mmm, Z=1), whereas in KCuC2, α-RbCuC2 and CsCuC2 these chains are arranged in layers perpendicular to the c axis of a tetragonal unit cell (CsAgC2 type, P42/mmc, Z=2). These layers are staggered along the c axis by rotating them by 90° to each other. The alkali metal ions separate the copper carbon chains. Raman spectroscopic investigations indicate the existence of CC triple bonds, as the frequencies of the CC stretching vibration are comparable to those found for acetylene and ternary silver and gold acetylides. In the 13C MAS NMR spectra of KCuC2, RbCuC2 and CsCuC2 the isotropic signals are complicatedly split due to the coupling to the nearby quadrupolar copper nuclei, but the chemical shifts are in the range found for other acetylides with CC triple bonds.Graphic
Co-reporter:Harald Bock;Dirk Hinz-Hübner Dr. Dr.;Dieter Naumann Dr.
Angewandte Chemie 2002 Volume 114(Issue 3) pp:
Publication Date(Web):29 JAN 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3757(20020201)114:3<465::AID-ANGE465>3.0.CO;2-E
Trotz ihrer extremen Instabilität konnte die Organoxenon(II)-Verbindung Xe(C6F5)21 (siehe Struktur im Kristall) durch Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie charakterisiert werden: 1 kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/n, die C-Xe-C-Einheit ist linear und der Torsionswinkel der C6F5-Ringe beträgt 72.5°. Die experimentell bestimmten Molekülparameter wurden durch Ab-initio- und DFT-Rechnungen bestätigt.
Co-reporter:Harald Bock;Dirk Hinz-Hübner Dr. Dr.;Dieter Naumann Dr.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2002 Volume 41(Issue 3) pp:
Publication Date(Web):29 JAN 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20020201)41:3<448::AID-ANIE448>3.0.CO;2-W
Despite the extreme instability the organoxenon(II) compound Xe(C6F5)2 (1; see structure) was determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, the C-Xe-C unit is linear, and the torsion angle of the C6F5 rings is 72.5°. Experimental molecular parameters match well with calculated ones based on ab initio and density functional theory calculations.
Co-reporter:Frauke Hohn;Ingo Pantenburg Dr. Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2002 Volume 8(Issue 19) pp:
Publication Date(Web):26 SEP 2002
DOI:10.1002/1521-3765(20021004)8:19<4536::AID-CHEM4536>3.0.CO;2-I
Single crystals of Sr[C2(COO)2] were formed at the phase boundary of an aqueous silica gel that contained acetylenedicarboxylic acid and an aqueous solution of SrCl2. The crystal structure (I41/amd, Z=4) shows a diamond-like topology, with the strontium ions in an eightfold co-ordination by the oxygen atoms of six carboxylate ligands with two of them co-ordinating in a chelating-type bidentate mode. As each oxygen atom of the carboxylate groups is involved in both a chelating-type bidentate and unidentate co-ordination and, therefore, bridging two strontium atoms, a three-dimensional framework results. Sr[C2(COO)2] exhibits a surprising thermal stability. In air decomposition starts at about 720 K and in an argon atmosphere around 750 K. This decomposition is accompanied by a mass loss of approximately 12 %, which is probably due to the loss of one CO molecule. The resulting residue is amorphous to X-rays. A small negative thermal expansion is found between 30 and 280 K, whereas between room temperature and 573 K almost no thermal expansion is observed. Single-crystal investigations at different temperatures show a strong “guitar string” vibration of the oxygen atom perpendicular to the contacts to the strontium atoms; this could be responsible for the thermal expansion behaviour.
An der Phasengrenze einer Acetylendicarbonsäure enthaltenden wäßrigen Silicagel-Lösung und einer wäßrigen SrCl2-Lösung konnten Einkristalle von Sr[C2(COO)2] erhalten werden. Die Kristallstruktur (I41/amd, Z=4) zeigt eine diamantartige Topologie, wobei die Strontiumionen achtfach von den Sauerstoffatomen von sechs Carboxylatliganden koordiniert sind, zwei von ihnen in einer chelatartigen zweizähnigen Anordnung. Da wiederum jedes Sauerstoffatom der Carboxylatgruppen sowohl an einer zweizähnigen chelatartigen als auch an einer einzähnigen Koordination beteiligt ist und somit zwei Strontiumionen verknüpft, resultiert eine dreidimensionale Gerüststruktur. Sr[C2(COO)2] zeigt eine überraschende thermische Stabilität. An Luft wird erst ab ca. 720 K eine Zersetzung beobachtet und in einer Argonatmosphäre oberhalb von 750 K. Diese Zersetzung wird von einem Massenverlust von ca. 12 % begleitet, der höchstwahrscheinlich auf den Verlust eines CO Moleküls zurückzuführen ist. Der resultierende Rückstand ist röntgenamorph. Zwischen 30 und 280 K wird eine kleine negative thermische Ausdehnung beobachtet, während oberhalb von Raumtemperatur bis ca. 573 K praktisch keine thermische Ausdehnung auftritt. Einkristalluntersuchungen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zeigen eine starke “Gitarrensaiten”-Schwingung des Sauerstoffatoms senkrecht zur Verknüpfung zweier Strontiumionen. Diese könnte für das ungewöhnliche thermische Ausdehnungsverhalten von Sr[C2(COO)2] verantwortlich sein.
Co-reporter:Michael Knapp Dipl.-Phys. Priv.-Doz. Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2001 Volume 7(Issue 4) pp:
Publication Date(Web):16 FEB 2001
DOI:10.1002/1521-3765(20010216)7:4<874::AID-CHEM874>3.0.CO;2-V
Pure CaC2, free of CaO impurities, was obtained by the reaction of elemental calcium with graphite at 1070 K. By means of laboratory X-ray and synchrotron powder diffraction experiments, the phase diagram was investigated in the temperature range from 10 K to 823 K; this confirmed the literature data that reported the partial coexistence of up to four modifications. Aside from a cubic high-temperature modification CaC2 IV (Fmm, Z=4) and the well-known tetragonal modification CaC2 I (I4/mmm, Z=2), a low-temperature modification CaC2 II (C2/c, Z=4) that crystallizes in the ThC2 structure type and a metastable modification CaC2 III (C2/m, Z=4) that crystallizes in a new structure type were found. It was shown that phase transition temperatures as well as the relative amounts of the various CaC2 modifications depend upon the size of the crystallites, the thermal treatment, and the purity of the sample, as a comparison with technical CaC2 confirmed.
Durch Umsetzung von elementarem Calcium mit Graphit bei 1070 K konnte reines CaC2 frei von CaO-Verunreinigungen erhalten werden. Mit Hilfe von Röntgen- und Synchrotronpulverbeugungsuntersuchungen wurde das Phasendiagramm im Temperaturbereich zwischen 10 K und 823 K untersucht, wobei Literaturangaben bestätigt werden konnten, die von der teilweisen Koexistenz von bis zu vier Modifikationen ausgegangen waren. Neben einer kubischen Hochtemperaturmodifikation CaC2 IV (Fmm, Z=4) und der wohlbekannten tetragonalen Modifikation CaC2 I (I4/mmm, Z=2) wurden eine Tieftemperaturmodifikation CaC2 II (C2/c, Z=4), die im ThC2-Strukturtyp kristallisiert, sowie eine metastabile Modifikation CaC2 III (C2/m, Z=4) gefunden, die in einem neuen Strukturtyp kristallisiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Phasenumwandlungstemperaturen als auch die relativen Anteile der verschiedenen Modifikationen von der Kristallitgröße, der thermischen Vorbehandlung als auch der Reinheit der Proben abhängen, wie durch einen Vergleich mit technischem CaC2 belegt werden konnte.
Co-reporter:Sabine Hemmersbach Dr.;Bodo Zibrowius Dr.;Winfried Kockelmann Dr. Priv.-Doz. Dr.
Chemistry - A European Journal 2001 Volume 7(Issue 9) pp:
Publication Date(Web):26 APR 2001
DOI:10.1002/1521-3765(20010504)7:9<1952::AID-CHEM1952>3.0.CO;2-C
Ternary transition metal acetylides A2MC2 (A=Na, K; M=Pd, Pt) can be synthesised by reaction of the respective alkali metal acetylide A2C2 with palladium or platinum in an inert atmosphere at about 350 °C. The crystal structures are characterised by [M(C2)] chains, which are separated by the alkali metals (Pm1, Z=1). The refinement of neutron powder diffraction data gave C−C=1.263(3) Å for Na2PdC2 (Na2PtC2: 1.289(4) Å), which is distinctively longer than the expected value for a C−C triple bond (1.20 Å). On the basis of band-structure calculations this can be attributed to a strong backbonding from the metal into the antibonding orbitals of the C2 unit. This was further confirmed by Raman spectroscopic investigations, which showed that the wavenumbers of the C–C stretching vibrations in Na2PdC2 and Na2PtC2 are about 100 cm−1 smaller than in acetylene. 13C MAS-NMR spectra demonstrated that the acetylenic C2 units in the title compounds are very different from those in acetylene. Electrical conductivity measurements and band-structure calculations showed that the black title compounds are semiconductors with a small indirect band gap (approximately 0.2 eV).
Ternäre Übergangsmetallacetylide der Zusammensetzung A2MC2 (A=Na, K; M=Pd, Pt) können durch Reaktion der entsprechenden Alkalimetallacetylide A2C2 mit Palladium oder Platin in einer inerten Atmosphäre bei ca. 350 °C dargestellt werden. Die Kristallstrukturen sind durch [M(C2)]-Ketten charakterisiert, die durch die Alkalimetallionen separiert werden (Pm1, Z=1). Auf Grundlage von Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchungen wurde für Na2PdC2 ein C-C-Abstand von 1.263(3) Å erhalten (Na2PtC2: 1.289(4) Å), der deutlich größer ist als der Erwartungswert für eine C−C-Dreifachbindung (1.20 Å). Basierend auf Bandstrukturrechnungen kann dies auf starke Rückbindungen vom Metall in die antibindenden Orbitale der C2-Einheit zurückgeführt werden. Dies wird ferner durch die Ergebnisse von ramanspektroskopischen Untersuchungen bestätigt, bei denen gefunden wurde, daß die Wellenzahl der C−C-Streckschwingung in Na2PdC2 und Na2PtC2 um ca. 100 cm−1 kleiner ist als in Acetylen. Ferner zeigen 13C MAS-NMR-Untersuchungen, daß sich die acetylidischen C2-Einheiten in den ternären Übergangsmetallacetyliden deutlich von denen in Acetylen unterscheiden. Weiterhin ergaben Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten und Bandstrukturrechnungen, daß die schwarzen Titelverbindungen Halbleiter mit einer sehr kleinen indirekten Bandlücke von ca. 0.2 eV sind.
Co-reporter:Miriam Sobieray, Jens Gode, Christiane Seidel, Marieke Poß, Claus Feldmann and Uwe Ruschewitz
Dalton Transactions 2015 - vol. 44(Issue 13) pp:NaN6259-6259
Publication Date(Web):2015/02/23
DOI:10.1039/C4DT03733B
Ten new coordination polymers of the general compositions 2∞[LnIII(tfBDC)(NO3)(DMF)2]·DMF with LnIII = Eu3+ (1), Gd3+ (2), Tb3+ (3), Ho3+ (4), Tm3+ (5), 2∞[LnIII(tfBDC)(CH3COO)(FA)3]·3FA with LnIII = Sm3+ (6), Eu3+ (7) and 2∞[LnIII(tfBDC)(NO3)(DMSO)2] with LnIII = Ho3+ (8), Er3+ (9) and Tm3+ (10) were synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction (tfBDC2− = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalate, DMF = N,N′-dimethylformamide, FA = formamide, DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide). 1–5 crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 8, 6 and 7 in P with Z = 2 and 8–10 in Pbca with Z = 8. All crystal structures contain binuclear lanthanide nodes that are connected by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalates (tfBDC2−) to form two-dimensional polymeric structural units. Despite this common structural feature the coordination within these binuclear units is quite different in detail, e.g. CN = 9 for 1–7 and CN = 8 for 8–10. The emission spectra of the europium (1, 7) and terbium (3) compounds reveal bright red and green emission in the visible region. The resulting high quantum yields of 53% (1) and 67% (3) at room temperature show that the replacement of organic ligands with C–H groups by perfluorinated ligands leads to compounds with intense emission, as vibrational quenching is reduced. On the other hand, the influence of the coordinating solvent and additional ligands cannot be neglected, as the replacement of DMF by FA and NO3− by CH3COO− in 7 leads to a reduced quantum yield of only 10%. Thermoanalytical investigations show that all compounds are stable up to 100–150 °C, before a stepwise release of solvent molecules starts followed by a decomposition of the coordination polymer.